Cast of "Leave It To Beaver" |
Conversely, things were NOT so good for minorities - ESPECIALLY black Americans in the era of the Cleaver Family. Blacks were virtual outcasts in nearly every area of public life from employment, to housing, to education, to civil rights - every CRITICAL area of public life. Along comes the Civil Rights movement which culminated in two LANDMARK legislation - the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. A spinoff of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The creation of the EEOC bolstered Affirmative Action which, unbeknownst to many, was created in 1935 during the Roosevelt Administration. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made it easier for black people to vote in this country. For some inexplicable reason a significant number of white people, ESPECIALLY white people in the South, didn't think black people voting was a good idea - to the point where black people were actually KILLED for wanting to vote. Imagine that. It was then and only then that a large swath of black people began edging toward and entering the Middle Class.
Women burning bras |
(Click on this link and check out this Virginia Slims commercial from 1969)
Immigration laws in the 1950s to mid-1960s were a lot more stringent than they are today - ESPECIALLY when it came to Asians and Africans. They were stringent for some Europeans, too. The immigration laws then favored northern and western Europeans as opposed to eastern and southern Europeans. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 changed all of that. The law, signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson, opened the doors to the United States for immigrants from Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America.
If you were gay or lesbian in the era of the Cleavers, you were a social leper. You had to live your life in shame, face public humiliation - up to an including assault or worse. Some simply HID who they were. They felt compelled to be attracted to the opposite sex in order to conceal their identities. Some married and produced children. There were few options available. Homosexuals were even objectified by the government and the clergy. The government and the clergy desperately sought "cures" for homosexuality. Homosexuals were FREAKS and ABNORMAL and something had to be done. In the 1960s, gay men starting moving to San Francisco and setting up shop in the Castro District. Gays from all over the world started migrating to San Francisco - the one city in America where they could be totally free. In 1973, a dynamic and charismatic gay man by the name of Harvey Milk moved to The Castro and the lives of gays, lesbians, bi-sexuals and transsexuals changed forever. Harvey Milk became the first openly gay politician to be elected in San Francisco and from that power of power, he led the charge in passing landmark legislation that favored the gay community. As recently as the 2004 presidential election, same sex marriage was the third rail in American politics. George W. Bush was re-elected president in 2004 basically on the promise to outlaw same sex marriage by Constitutional amendment. Today, same sex marriage is LEGAL in 19 states. The cultural landscape sure has changed since 2004.
Patricia Carroll |
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